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The tricuspid valve is auscultated in the fourth intercostal space on the sternal left upper margin. The bicuspid (mitral) valve is heard on the fifth intercostal space on the left, on the medial side of the midclavicular line. The aortic valve is auscultated on the intercostal second space on the sternal upper right margin. The pulmonary valve is auscultated on the sternal upper left margin intercostal double space. (Amerman, 2021).
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The ideal spot for auscultating abnormal heartbeat is from the left lower sternal margin to the right lower sternal margin. The reason is that the interventricular septum, which separates the atrioventricular valves, overlies the ventricular septal defect (VSD). (Amerman,2021).
The average heart sounds are S1 and S2. The first heart sound, or “lub,” is called S1 because the atrioventricular valves, bicuspid and tricuspid, close. The second heart sound, or “dup,” is called S2. Because of the closing semilunar valves, that is,
of the aortic and pulmonary valves.
Following the ventricular septal defect, I anticipate the blood will travel from the left ventricle to the right ventricle during systole. This is because the left ventricle has a higher blood pressure than the right ventricle.
Blood flows down its gradient of resistance (pressure) or into an open area in which there is the minimum amount of pressure. The blood pressure in the left ventricle is higher than in the right ventricle. Such a situation occurs due to the afterload of the right ventricle being less than its afterload (Pappano & Wier, 2018). The arteries of pulmonary circulation produce lower resistance than the blood vessels of the systemic circulation, which accounts for the afterloads variation.
Some anatomical heart abnormalities cause the mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood. They include Atrial septal defect (ASD) and Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Usually, very shortly after delivery, the ductus arteriosus, which joins the aorta with the fetus’s pulmonary trunk, shuts. If it doesn’t close, though, it stays patent or open. Because of a PDA, some of the aorta’s oxygenated blood can go back to the pulmonary trunk and combine with deoxygenated blood, which is then transported to the lungs. Thence, the amount of blood that travels to the lungs rises. (Pappano & Wier, 2018). ASD refers to a wall defect that occurs between the upper two chambers. The inferior and superior cava typically transport systemic deoxygenated blood to the right atrium, while the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins. Some oxygenated blood returns to the heart’s right side when there is a gap within the atria. Although it already contains a lot of oxygen, it returns to the lungs (Pappano & Wier, 2018). As a result, the amount of blood that travels to the lungs rises significantly.
Deoxygenated blood from the inferior bodily parts is emptied into the inferior vena cava. The right atrium receives the inferior vena cava’s drainage. The tricuspid valve controls right ventricular blood flow. It travels through the tricuspid valve and enters the pulmonary artery before getting to the lungs. Within the lungs, the blood separates into the numerous pulmonary capillaries, blowing out carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen. The pulmonary vein carries blood into the left atrium, where it is fully oxidized before being pumped into the left ventricle via the bicuspid valve. The aortic valve, which transports blood rich in oxygen to all bodily areas, is opened by the left ventricle’s muscular contractions, which force oxygenated blood through it. (Michael & McFarland, 2020). Deoxygenated blood is then pumped back to the IVC.
The superior vena cava allows deoxygenated blood from the upper body parts to reach the right atrium. It travels through the right auricle to the right ventricle through the suitable at
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